Slow-paced breathing
At least one paper behind this review states what this option was measured against. That is not a ranking, and this option carries no evidence profile of its own.
- acute stress / anxiety downregulationEmotional · 1 paper put it here (inferred by the extraction, not stated in the paper)
- daily regulation practiceEmotional · 1 paper put it here (inferred by the extraction, not stated in the paper)
- in-the-moment resetEmotional · 1 paper put it here (inferred by the extraction, not stated in the paper)
- pre-sleep wind-downSleep · 2 papers put it here (inferred by the extraction, not stated in the paper)
- Breathing technique: Slow-paced breathing (SPB) at 6 cycles per minute (cpm) - Breath ratio: Inhale through the nose, exhale with pursed lips - Posture: Seated on a chair with upper body and arms supported - Sequence: Resting period, reactivity period (SPB), recovery period - Duration per element: 5 minutes each - Biofeedback condition: Visualization of heart rate signal on a smartphone
Psychophysiologic effects of slow-paced breathing at six cycles per minute with or without heart rate variability biofeedback.- Technique: Slow-paced breathing - Duration: 15 minutes each evening - Rate: Approximately 6 cycles per minute (cpm) - Breath Ratio: Inhalation 4.5 seconds, Exhalation 5.5 seconds - Posture: Not specified - Sequence: Inhale through nose, exhale through pursed lips - Administration: Guided by smartphone application "Breath Pacer"
Influence of a 30-Day Slow-Paced Breathing Intervention Compared to Social Media Use on Subjective Sleep Quality and Cardiac Vagal Activity2-minute paced respiration at 0.1 Hz, with 5 seconds for inhalation and 5 seconds for exhalation, preceded and followed by 1-minute free breathing periods.
Using ECG-derived respiration for explaining BOLD-fMRI fluctuations during rest and respiratory modulations
Measured in duration — derived from the review's own dose_and_time prose.
- Dose: 5 minutes per session - Sessions per day: 1 session - Total programme length: 1 hour
Psychophysiologic effects of slow-paced breathing at six cycles per minute with or without heart rate variability biofeedback.- Dose: 15 minutes per session - Frequency: Once per day (evening) - Total programme length: 30 days - Breathing frequency: 6 cycles per minute (cpm) - Inhalation duration: 4.5 seconds - Exhalation duration: 5.5 seconds
Influence of a 30-Day Slow-Paced Breathing Intervention Compared to Social Media Use on Subjective Sleep Quality and Cardiac Vagal Activityapproximately 4 minutes (1 minute free breathing + 2 minutes paced respiration + 1 minute free breathing)
Using ECG-derived respiration for explaining BOLD-fMRI fluctuations during rest and respiratory modulations
Equipment is a property of the movement and is authored, never derived from the evidence corpus (docs/research/round2/ROUND2_KNOWN_CORRECTIONS.md §1). This option resolves to no catalogue exercise, so nothing has authored it yet.
R8's level field records who was eligible for the trial, not what a person needs before trying the practice, so it is not carried here.
The protocol involves a progression in breathing frequency during familiarization from 10 cpm to 6 cpm. The experiment is structured into resting, reactivity, and recovery phases, with a washout period between conditions to reset to baseline.
Psychophysiologic effects of slow-paced breathing at six cycles per minute with or without heart rate variability biofeedback.The protocol remained consistent with a 15-minute slow-paced breathing exercise each evening for 30 days, with no progression or regression in terms of difficulty or complexity over time.
Influence of a 30-Day Slow-Paced Breathing Intervention Compared to Social Media Use on Subjective Sleep Quality and Cardiac Vagal Activity
- Contraindications: Self-reported cardiovascular, respiratory, or neurologic diseases; psychiatric disorders; regular medication affecting cardiovascular or respiratory systems; smoking; regular practice of breathing exercises including yoga. - Adverse effects: Dyspnea and hyperventilation. - Safety precautions: Instructing individuals to breathe more shallowly, providing SPB training, and adapting the respiratory pacer with pleasant stimuli can help mitigate side effects.
Psychophysiologic effects of slow-paced breathing at six cycles per minute with or without heart rate variability biofeedback.- Contraindications: Non-smokers, no sleep disorders (score lower than 5 on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), no cardiovascular diseases (self-reported). - Cautions: Findings cannot be generalized to other populations, such as older adults or those with health conditions. - Adverse effects: Not mentioned.
Influence of a 30-Day Slow-Paced Breathing Intervention Compared to Social Media Use on Subjective Sleep Quality and Cardiac Vagal Activity
Facility or specialist equipment: The study required a laptop for displaying the breathing pacer video, a smartphone with the Elite HRV app for biofeedback, a Polar H7 chest strap for heart rate monitoring, and an ECG device (Faros 180°) for HRV measurement. The setting was likely a controlled laboratory environment.
Psychophysiologic effects of slow-paced breathing at six cycles per minute with or without heart rate variability biofeedback.Facility or specialist (ECG device and electrodes) and minimal (smartphone app for breathing intervention and social media use)
Influence of a 30-Day Slow-Paced Breathing Intervention Compared to Social Media Use on Subjective Sleep Quality and Cardiac Vagal Activity
No paper compares this option with another or calls it interchangeable with one.
A paper measuring one option against another does not make the two interchangeable, and it does not say which to choose. These are listed as what the papers did, and nothing here proposes a substitution.