Overhead press
At least one paper behind this review states what this option was measured against. That is not a ranking, and this option carries no evidence profile of its own.
Round-2 tier-3 flag: thin - under 4 full-text papers.
- vertical pushStrength · 2 papers put it here (1 stated, 1 inferred)
- Starting position: Barbell or dumbbells held at shoulder level with elbows in the frontal plane. - Range of motion: From shoulder level to full elbow extension and back to starting position. - Grip or stance: Subjects positioned themselves on the top center of the Swiss ball with knees flexed at 90° and feet hip-width apart when using a Swiss ball. - Tempo: 1-1-1 seconds for concentric and eccentric phases. - Technique cues: Elbows maintained in the frontal plane, specific cadence, and pause between repetitions.
Muscle Activation Patterns While Lifting Stable and Unstable Loads on Stable and Unstable SurfacesStarting position with the barbell at shoulder height and elbows flexed. Perform a strict press without knee or hip flexion/extension. Complete when the barbell is held motionless overhead.
Factors Related to Average Concentric Velocity of Four Barbell Exercises at Various Loads
Measured in sets × reps — derived from the review's own dose_and_time prose.
- Dose: 3 sets of 3 repetitions - Load: 10 repetition maximum (10RM) relative intensity - Rest between sets: Ad libitum, minimum 60 seconds, maximum 3 minutes - Sessions per week: Not mentioned - Total program length: Not mentioned
Muscle Activation Patterns While Lifting Stable and Unstable Loads on Stable and Unstable Surfaces
Equipment is a property of the movement and is authored, never derived from the evidence corpus (docs/research/round2/ROUND2_KNOWN_CORRECTIONS.md §1). This option is 2 catalogue exercises rather than one, and their equipment differs, so none of them speaks for it.
Recreational training experience; familiarity with resistance training exercises; ability to perform overhead shoulder press with a 10RM of at least 39 kg.
Muscle Activation Patterns While Lifting Stable and Unstable Loads on Stable and Unstable Surfaces
- Load: The exercise was made harder with a barbell and easier with dumbbells. - Surface: The exercise was made harder on a Swiss ball (unstable surface) and easier on an exercise bench (stable surface). - Instability: Increasing instability via either the load or the surface affects the amount of load that can be lifted similarly, making the exercise easier in terms of load but potentially more challenging in terms of stability.
Muscle Activation Patterns While Lifting Stable and Unstable Loads on Stable and Unstable Surfaces
- Safety measures included starting with familiar conditions and stable surfaces before moving to unstable ones. - Rest periods were managed to prevent excessive fatigue. - Randomizing test order could have led to unsafe conditions, so a sequential approach was used. - The absence of back support could potentially increase injury risk or instability for core muscles.
Muscle Activation Patterns While Lifting Stable and Unstable Loads on Stable and Unstable SurfacesStrict press without knee or hip flexion/extension is required.
Factors Related to Average Concentric Velocity of Four Barbell Exercises at Various Loads
- Equipment: Barbell, dumbbells, exercise bench, Swiss ball - Setting: Gym or facility
Muscle Activation Patterns While Lifting Stable and Unstable Loads on Stable and Unstable Surfaces
- Leg press — a paper measured this option against it“leg press (LP” · Alexander Goncalves, P. Gentil, J. Steele, Jürgen Giessing, A. Paoli, J. Fisher (2019) · 10.4081/ejtm.2019.8052
- Bench press — a paper called these interchangeable
- Deadlift — a paper called these interchangeable
A paper measuring one option against another does not make the two interchangeable, and it does not say which to choose. These are listed as what the papers did, and nothing here proposes a substitution.